Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has recently become the number one problem affecting global health. Coronavirus disease 2019 is principally recognized by its respiratory manifestations; however, recent studies have shown an increasing number of patients with gastrointestinal complaints like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort...

At the end of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, and infected over 4 million people around the world. Individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have an influenza-like illness and respiratory tract infections. We can categorize patients in three main groups: asymptomatic infected cases, patients with mild upper res...

The Coronavirus disease 2019, identified by Chinese researchers to be the caused by a novel enveloped betacoronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus- 2 which was first isolated in Wuhan, China has been declared a global pandemic by the world health organization. The virus has several structural proteins that contributed to its pathogenesis such as spikes, membrane, envelop and n...

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new pandemic virus, a global concern, and has threatened human health. This virus binds to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) that is expressed on different cells, especially on the alveolar cells. So the virus can enter the lung cells and causes respiratory syndromes. In Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)  that is cause...

Abbreviations: BtCoV-HKU4: Bat Coronavirus HKU4; BtCoVHKU5: Bat Coronavirus HKU5; DPP4: DiPeptidyl Peptidase 4; ECDC: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; HACE2: Human Angiotenssion Converting Enzyme 2; HCoV-229E: Human Coronavirus 229E; HCoV-HKU1: Human Coronavirus HKU1; HCoVNL63: Human coronavirus NL63; HCoV-OC43: Human Coronavirus OC43; HCP: HealthCare Personnel; HCW: Health C...

1. Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, et al. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1953–66. 2. Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS, Nix WA, Campagnoli R, Icenogle JP, et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 2003;300:1394–9. 3. Marra MA, Jones SJ, Astell...

The first pandemic of the coronavirus family was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) in late 2019. As a result of the pandemic critical condition, specialized orthopedic services were obviouslyaffected. To respond properly, we initiated a series of strategic measures, aiming at the safety of staff, minimizing theexposure, and prevention of pos...